Korean People's Army

Korean People's Army Chosŏn inmin'gun (조선인민군) 朝鮮人民軍
The flag of the Korean People's Army
Founded	8 February 1948 / 25 April 1932[1]
Service branches	Korean People's Army Ground Force Korean People's Navy Korean People's Air Force Artillery Guidance Bureau
Headquarters	Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Leadership
Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army	Kim Jong-il
Minister of People's Armed Forces	Vice Marshal Kim Yong-Chun
Chief of the Korean People's Army General Staff	General Ri Yong-Ho
Manpower
Conscription	17 years of age
Available for military service	5,851,801 males, age 17-49 (2005 est.), 5,850,733 females, age 17-49 (2005 est.)
Fit for military service	4,810,831 males, age 17-49 (2005 est.), 4,853,270 females, age 17-49 (2005 est.)
Reaching military age annually	194,605 males (2005 est.), 187,846 females (2005 est.)
Active personnel	1,106,000[2] (2010)
Reserve personnel	8,200,000(2010)
Related articles
Ranks	Comparative military ranks of Korea

The Korean People's Army (KPA), also known as the Inmin Gun, comprises the military forces of North Korea. Kim Jong-il is the Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army and Chairman of the National Defence Commission. The KPA has five branches: the (i) Army Ground Force, (ii) the Navy, (iii) the Air Force, (iv) the Artillery Guidance Bureau, and (v) the Special Operation Force.

The KPA's annual budget is US$6 billion. The US research organization ISIS reports that the DPRK (Democratic People’s Republic of Korea) might possess fissible material for some 2 to 9 nuclear weapons.^[3] North Korea’s Songun “Military First” policy elevates the KPA as an organization and State function, the primary position in the Government and society, making it the revolutionary basis.

In 1978, Kim Il-sung directed that "Military Foundation Day" be changed from 8 February to 25 April, the nominal day of establishment of his anti-Japanese guerrilla army in 1932, to recognize the supposedly indigenous Korean origins of the KPA and obscure its Soviet origin^[1]. An active arms industry had been developed to produce long-range missiles such as the Nodong-1.

North Korea is the most militarized country in the world today^[4], having the fourth largest army in the world, at about 1,106,000 armed personnel, with about 20% of men ages 17–54 in the regular armed forces.^[5] It also has a reserve force comprising 8,200,000 personnel. It operates an enormous network of military facilities scattered around the country, a large weapons production basis, a dense air defense system, the third largest chemical weapons stockpile in the world,^[6] and includes the largest Special Forces contingent (numbering 180,000 men).^[7]

The KPA faces the Military of South Korea and United States Forces Korea across the Korean Demilitarized Zone, as it has since the ceasefire of 1953.

Contents 1 History 1.1 Post Korean War 2 Command and control 3 Ground Forces 3.1 Organization 3.2 Ground Forces Equipment 4 North Korean Navy 5 Korean People's Air Force 6 Artillery guidance bureau 7 Worker-Peasant Red Guard 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links

History

The Korean People's Army history began with the Korean Volunteer Army (KVA), which was formed in Yenan, China, in 1939. The two individuals responsible for the army were Kim Tu-bong and Mu Chong. At the same time, a school was established near Yenan for training military and political leaders for a future independent Korea. By 1945, the KVA had grown to approximately 1,000 men, mostly Korean deserters from the Imperial Japanese Army. During this period, the KVA fought alongside the Chinese communist forces from which it drew its arms and ammunition. After the defeat of the Japanese, the KVA accompanied the Chinese communist forces into Manchuria, intending to gain recruits from the Korean population of Manchuria and then enter Korea. By September 1945 the KVA had a 2,500 strong force at its disposal.

Just after World War II and during the Soviet Union's occupation of the part of Korea north of the 38th Parallel, the Soviet 25th Army headquarters in Pyongyang issued a statement ordering all armed resistance groups in the northern part of the peninsula to disband on October 12, 1945. Two thousand Koreans with previous experience in the Soviet army were sent to various locations around the country to organize constabulary forces with permission from Soviet military headquarters, and the force was created on October 21.

The headquarters felt a need for a separate unit for security around railways, and the formation of the unit was announced on January 11, 1946. That unit was activated on August 15 of the same year to supervise existing security forces and creation of the national armed forces.

The first political-military school in the DPRK, the Pyongyang Military Academy (became No. 2 KPA Officers School in January 1949), headed by Kim Chaek, an ally of Kim Il-sung, was founded in October 1945 under Soviet guidance to train people's guards, or public security units. In 1946 graduates of the school entered regular police and public security/constabulary units. These lightly armed security forces included followers of Kim Il-sung and returned veterans from the People's Republic of China, and the Central Constabulary Academy (which became the KPA Military Academy in December 1948) soon followed for education of political and military officers for the new armed forces.

After the military was organized and facilities to educate its new recruits were constructed, the Constabulary Discipline Corps was reorganized into the Korean People's Army Corps Headquarters. The previously semi-official units became military regulars with distribution of Soviet uniforms, badges, and weapons that followed the inception of the headquarters.

The State Security Department, a forerunner to the Ministry of Defense, was created as part of the Interim People's Committee on February 4, 1948. The formal creation of the Korean People's Army was announced four days later on February 8 seven months before the government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea was proclaimed on September 9, 1948. In addition, the Ministry of People's Armed Forces was established, which controlled a central guard battalion, two divisions, and an independent mixed brigade.

Before the outbreak of the Korean War, Joseph Stalin equipped the KPA with modern tanks, trucks, artillery, and small arms (at the time, the South Korean Army had nothing remotely comparable either in numbers of troops or equipment). The KPA was the primary instigator of the Korean War (called the "Fatherland Liberation War" in the North).

During the opening phases of the Korean War in 1950, the KPA quickly drove South Korean forces south and captured Seoul, only to lose 70,000 of their 100,000-strong army in the autumn after U.S. amphibious landings at the Battle of Incheon and a subsequent drive to the Yalu River. The KPA subsequently played a secondary minor role to Chinese forces in the remainder of the conflict. By the time of the Armistice in 1953, the KPA had sustained 290,000 casualties and lost 90,000 men as POWs.

In 1953, the Military Armistice Commission (MAC) was created to oversee and enforce the terms of the armistice. The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC), originally made up of delegations from Poland and Czechoslovakia on the Communist side, and Sweden and Switzerland on the United Nations side, monitored the activities of the MAC.

Post Korean War

In the early 1970s, following the lead of Soviet military leaders and theorists who were rediscovering and beginning to apply the 1920s–1930s thinking of Soviet military theorists Alexander Svechin, Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Vladimir Triandafillov, and others on operational art and “deep operations,” the Soviet-trained officers of the KPA were developing their version, termed “Two Front War.”^[8] As they envisioned it, a very large conventional force, greatly reinforced with artillery, armor, and mechanized forces, employing surprise, speed, and shock, would break through the DMZ, envelop and destroy South Korean forward forces, and rapidly overrun the entire peninsula.

During the 1970s, senior KPA officers writing in official journals echoed Soviet military thinking as they characterized the nature of modern warfare as three-dimensional, with no distinction between front and rear, highly mobile, and increasingly dependent upon mechanization, task organization, and improved engineer capabilities. These articles presaged dramatic increases in mechanized and truck-mobile infantry and self-propelled artillery battalions and ultimately a major expansion, reorganization, and redeployment forward of KPA ground forces.

Command and control

The primary path for command and control of the KPA extends through the National Defense Commission which is led by its chairman Kim Jong-il, to the Ministry of People's Armed Forces and its General Staff Department.^[9] From there on, command and control flows to the various bureaus and operational units. A secondary path, to ensure political control, extends through the Korean Workers' Party's Central Military Committee.

Since 1990 numerous and dramatic transformations within the DPRK have led to the current command and control structure. The details of the majority of these changes are simply unknown to the world. What little is known indicates that many changes were the natural result of the deaths of the aging leadership including Kim Il-sung (July 1994), Minister of People's Armed Forces O Chin-u (February 1995) and Minister of People's Armed Forces Choi Kwang (February 1997).

The vast majority of changes were undertaken to secure the power and position of Kim Jong-il. At the Eighteenth session of the sixth Central People's Committee, held on May 23, 1990, the National Defense Commission became established as its own independent commission, rising to the same status as the Central People's Committee and not subordinated to it, as before. Concurrent with this, Kim Jong-il was appointed first vice-chairman of the National Defense Commission. The Following year, on 24 December 1991, Kim Jong-il was appointed Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army. Four months later, on 20 April 1992, Kim Jong-il was awarded the rank of Marshal and one year later he became the Chairman of the National Defense Commission.

Within the KPA, between December 1991 and December 1995, nearly 800 high officers (out of approximately 1200) received promotions and preferential assignments. Three days after Kim Jong-il became Marshal, eight generals were appointed to the rank of Vice-Marshal. In April 1997, on the 85th anniversary of Kim Il-sung's birthday, Kim Jong-il promoted 127 general grade officers. The following April he ordered the promotions of another 22 generals. Along with these changes many KPA officers were appointed to influential positions within the Korean Workers' Party.

Ground Forces

Organization

The KPA ground forces are by far the largest component of the DPRK's military. As of 2001 the army was composed of approximately 1,003,000 personnel organised into 20 corps consisting of 176 divisions and brigades. The army is equipped with very large numbers of artillery and armoured fighting vehicles and approximately 70 percent of active units are based near the border with South Korea. The KPA also has a special operations force comprising over 90,000 personnel.^[10]

Until 1986 most sources claimed the army had two armored divisions.^[11] These divisions disappeared from the order of battle and were replaced by the armored corps and a doubling of the armored brigade count. In the mid-1980s, the heavy caliber self propelled artillery was consolidated into the first multibrigade artillery corps. At the same time, the restructured mobile exploitation forces were redeployed forward, closer to the DMZ. The forward corps areas of operation were compressed although their internal organization appeared to remain basically the same. The deployment of the newly formed mechanized, armored, and artillery corps directly behind the first echelon conventional forces provides a potent exploitation force that did not exist prior to 1980.

As of 1992, the army was composed of sixteen corps commands, two separate special operations forces commands, and nine military district commands (or regions) under the control of the Ministry of the People's Armed Forces. Most sources agreed that the DPRK's ground forces consisted of approximately 145 divisions and brigades, of which approximately 120 are active. There is less agreement, however, on the breakdown of the forces.

As of 1996, major combat units consisted of 153 divisions and brigades, including 60 infantry divisions/brigades, 25 mechanized infantry brigades, 13 tank brigades, 25 Special Operation Force (SOF) brigades and 30 artillery brigades.^[12] North Korea deployed ten corps including sixty divisions and brigades in the forward area south of the Pyongyang-Wonsan line.

Ground Forces Equipment

Beginning in the late 1970s, after South Korea received new technologies and equipment from the United States,^[13][14] the DPRK began a major reorganization and modernization of its ground forces. The DPRK began to produce a modified version of the 115 mm gunned T-62 tank, which was the Soviet army's main battle tank in the 1960s. Based on general trends and photography of armed forces parades, it is clear that the DPRK has made considerable modifications to the basic Soviet and Chinese designs in its own production.

In the 1980s, in order to make the army more mobile and mechanized, there was a steady influx of new tanks, self propelled artillery, armored personnel carriers (APCs), and trucks. The ground forces seldom retire old models of weapons and tend to maintain a large equipment stock, keeping old models along with upgraded ones in the active force or in reserve. The army remains largely an infantry force, although a decade-long modernization program has significantly improved the mobility and firepower of its active forces.

Between 1980 and 1992, the DPRK reorganized, reequipped, and forward deployed the majority of its ground forces. The army places great emphasis on special operations and has the largest special operations forces in the world — tailored to meet the distinct requirements of mountainous Korean terrain. Between 1984 and 1992, the army added about 1,000 tanks, over 2,500 APC/IFV, and about 6,000 artillery pieces and rocket launchers. In 1992 North Korea had about twice the advantage in numbers of tanks and artillery, and a 1.5-to-1 advantage in personnel over its potential adversaries, the United States-Republic of Korea defenses to the south. Over 60 percent of the army was located within 100 kilometers of the DMZ in mid-1993.

North Korean Navy

The Korean People's Naval Command - more commonly known as the Korean People's Navy (KPN) - is a green-water navy and operates mainly within the 50 kilometer exclusion zone. The KPN is the lowest priority military service and most of its equipment is obsolete. As at 2007 the KPN comprised 46,000 personnel and operated 704 ships and landing and infiltration craft. The navy also operates a large number of coastal defence units which are equipped with artillery and surface-to-surface missiles.^[15]

The KPN is organised into two fleets which are not able to support each other. The East Fleet is headquartered at T'oejo-dong and the West Fleet at Nampho. A number of training, shipbuilding and maintenance units and a naval aviation battalion report directly to Naval Command Headquarters at Pyongyang.^[16] The majority of the navy's ships are assigned to the East Fleet. Due to the short range of most ships the two fleets are not known to have ever conducted joint operations or shared vessels.^[17]

Korean People's Air Force

The Korean People's Air and Air Defense Command, better known as the Korean People's Air Force (KPAF), is primarily an air defense force, with limited offensive capability. The selection criteria for the KPAF is much higher than the ground forces or navy. This has resulted in a force which is qualitatively above the national average in the level of education, technical proficiency, political reliability and ideological conviction. Although it has much higher priority than the Navy and even the Ground Forces in some respects, it is still undertrained and underequipped, largely due to a lack of spare parts, expertise and equipment plus, constant fears of defections do exist as well (most KPAF pilots only have 7 hours of flight time, in comparison, NATO member nations require 150 flight time hours for their pilots). As of 2007 it comprised 110,000 personnel and between 1,600 and 1,700 aircraft. The KPAF also operates a very large air defence network of radar and anti-aircraft gun/missile sites. Most of the KPAF's aircraft and surface to air missiles are obsolete and the force's pilots conduct little flight training.^[18]

The KPAF is organized into six Air Divisions, four of which have air defense responsibilities and two of which provide air transport.

• The 1st, 2nd and 3rd Air Divisions operate combat aircraft and are responsible for the defense of the north-western, eastern and southern sections of the country respectively.
• The 5th and 6th Air Divisions operate transport aircraft.
• The 8th Air Division operates training aircraft and is responsible for the defense of the north-eastern section of the DPRK.

Air Koryo, the DPRK's civil airline, also comes under the control of the KPAF through the Civil Aviation Bureau.^[19]

The KPAF operates from 89 bases, including 18 highway strips and 20 helipads. Most of the force's air bases are 'hardened' against attack, with many having large underground components. Some of the primary air bases have underground runways from which aircraft can be directly launched.^[20]

Artillery guidance bureau

The Artillery Guidance Bureau (AGB) is the strategic missile forces of the Korean People's Army. It is equipped mainly with SCUD-derived locally produced ballistic missiles with varying range, payload and accuracy. Some of them, such as the Hwasong-5 and Hwasong-6 are land-mobile, while others, such as the Rodong-2 and Taepodong-1 require launch pads. North Korea is currently developing a new ICBM - the Taepodong-2, which was first tested in 2006 unsuccessfully. A second test on April 5, 2009, successfully launched the missile that flew over Japan. According to North Korea, it achieved the goal of putting a satellite in orbit; however, the US and Japanese authorities denied the claim, contesting that the missile and any payload fell into the Pacific Ocean.

Its shooting range is estimated to be about 6,700 km or more. Currently deployed missiles have a range of up to 2,000 km. The exact number of deployed missiles of all types is unknown, but it is generally accepted there are some 600 Hwasong-6 and 200 Rodong-1 in service, as well as other shorter-range missiles. Major military launch pads are Musudan-ri on the country's east coast, and Pongdong-ri, which is under construction. Smaller launch pads are scattered around the country.

Worker-Peasant Red Guard

The Worker-Peasant Red Guard is the largest civilian defense force in the DPRK with a strength of approximately 3.5 million.^[21] The militia is organised on a provincial/ town/ village level, and structured on a brigade, battalion, company, and platoon basis. The militia maintains infantry small arms, with some mortars and anti-aircraft guns, although some units are unarmed.^[22] The WPRG is 51 years old, having been established in 1959 and is not only under National Defense Commission control, but is also attached to the Worker's Party of Korea under its Department of Civil Defense.

See also

• Awards and decorations of North Korea
• North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
• Songun

Notes

References

• Bermudez, Joseph S. (2001). Shield of the Great Leader. The Armed Forces of North Korea. The Armed Forces of Asia. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1864485825. 
• Homer T. Hodge, North Korea’s Military Strategy, Parameters, Spring 2003, pp. 68–81
• The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2007). The Military Balance 2007. Abingdon: Routledge Journals. ISBN 9781857434378. 
• Jane's World Air Forces. Issue 25, 2007. Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group. 
• Saunders, Stephen (editor). Jane's Fighting Ships Vol. 110, 2007-2008. Coulsdon: Jane’s Information Group. 

Further reading

• Bermudez, Joseph S. (1998). North Korean special forces. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1557500665. 
• Boik, William A. (2008). Orders, Decorations, and Medals of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Springfield, VA: DBMPress.com. ISBN 978-0-615-19087-7. 

External links

• KPA Equipment Holdings
• CIA World Factbook
• GlobalSecurity.org
• North Korean Orders, Decorations,and Medals

Military of North Korea Ground Force · Navy · Air Force · Artillery Guidance Bureau

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